Intramuscular vaccine administrations including the adoption of "Zeta-track technique" & "without aspiration slow injection technique" (ZTT & WASiT): a prospective review
Elena Sblendorio
Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari,Bari 70124,Italy;Department of Biomedicine and Prevention,University of Rome Tor Vergata,Rome,Italy
摘要：Objective: To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections (IMIs), focusing on immunizations. Methods: The present study comprises 2 reviews, characterized by high-quality evidence, per taining to the deployment of the slow injection technique without aspiration (referred to in this paper as the without-aspiration slow injection technique [WASiT]) and combined with the Zeta-track technique (ZTT). The literature review is oriented toward the analysis of 2 features associated with IMIs techniques: safety and pain, integrating new evidence on vaccinee positioning for each muscle site and general relaxation techniques in the multi-parametric analysis. Results: The rigorous and in-depth reviews in the current study reveal the usefulness of including, among the international guidelines for via intramuscular immunizations, the adoption of WASiT only for compliant vaccinees, and in combination with all validated techniques for IMIs, and the use of ZTT limitedly if specific well-developed muscles are indicated. All the technique's limitations are exposed. Conclusions: Future research directions are presented by including the author's study designs to provide indirect evidence for the validity of the rationale of the slow injection technique using scientific methods, and for the conduction of future randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on revisiting the adoption of ZTT in a dynamic and integrated immunizations protocol in anterolateral thigh (ALT), ventrogluteal (VG), and also in the deltoid muscle, in the specific cases analyzed.
机标关键词：injectionreviewadministrationsadoptionaspirationincludingintramuscularprospective
论文发表日期：2023-03-30
在线出版日期：2025-08-15（本平台首次上网日期，不代表文献的发表时间）
页数：22( 21-42 )
英文信息