摘要：Background Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) during myocardial infarction worsens out-comes. It has been proved that ginsenoside Rb1 has a great impact on ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury. The aim of this study is to explore the protective effect of the pretreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 on MI/RI and investigate the underlying mechanisms about the preventive action. Methods A total of 27 healthy adult Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=9 per group):A sham-operated group(Sham n=9);an isch-emia 40 min/reperfusion 2 h(I/R n=9)of the cardiac muscle group;Rb1-treated group was divided into 3 sub-groups(Rb110 mg/kg,20 mg/kg,40 mg/kg,n=3). Ginsenosides Rb1 at different concentrations were injected intraperitoneally for 3 days continuously before ligation. A model of MI/RI was constructed by ligation of the left coronary artery anterior descending branch in rats. Myocardial infarction area after I/R was measured bytriphenyl-tetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining of myocardial tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining and electrocar-diogram indication were used to observe myocardial cell injury and ischemia,respectively. The expression of caspase-8 protein was observed by immunohistochemistry staining. Results The pretreatment of 40 mg/kg dose of ginsenoside Rb1 could decrease the expression of caspase-8 protein caused by I/R and the apoptosis of myocardial cells,improve myocardial ischemia,reduce the area of myocardial infarction and ameliorate MI/RI. Conclusions These results demonstrate that ginsenoside Rb1 has a significant protective effect on MI/RI through attenuating the apoptosis of myocardial cells and improving myocardial ischemia at appropriate dose, which provides new insights into the potential therapy of MI/RI.

摘要：To investigate the change and clinical significance of clopidogrel on platelet membrane CD40L in coronary artery disease patients before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods 30 cases who were diagnosis coronary artery diseases(CAD) by coronary angiography, mean age 56 ± 9 years old. All the patients who had no antiplatelet aggregation contraindication, were treated with standard anti angina pectoris drugs. Before PCI, all the patients took clopidogrel 75 mg per day. Activated platelet membrane CD40L express rate was measured by flow cytometry before and after PCI 6 hours. Results Activated platelet membrane CD40L express rate were 3.73 ± 2.15and 2.46 ± 0.90, respectively in 30 patients before and after PCI 6 hours. Activated platelet membrane CD40L express rate was significantly decrease after PCI 6 hours than that before PCI ( P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusions Clopidogrel has significance effect on platelet membrane CD40L in coronary artery disease patients undergoing PCI. Clopidogrel can suppression platelet activation and prevent thromboembolism event occurrence.

摘要：Background Active and effective treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with heart failure will significantly improve the patient's prognosis and quality of life.The selection of clinical heart failure drugs is guided by the comprehensive judgment of central venous pressure,chest X-ray lung congestion degree,serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) value,echocardiogram,blood pressure,etc.,which is currently the most commonly used method in clinical practice.However,the prolonged results of chest X-ray,serum BNP value and echocardiogram affect the real-time judgment of hemodynamics,which affect the accuracy of drug selection for patients with heart failure.The impedance cardiography (ICG) for hemodynamic monitoring technology can supply immediately hemodynamic results,which has been used less for the patients of AMI with heart failure at home and abroad.Therefore,this study was to evaluate the application value of ICG combined with the passive leg raise test (PLR) in AMI patients with heart failure.Methods 110 patients with AMI combined with killip grade 2 and above were randomly divided into a control group (n=55) and an ICG group (n=55).In the ICG group,heart failure treatment drugs were selected according to some parameters measured by ICG.In the control group,the treatment drugs for heart failure were selected according to routine symptoms,signs,BNP,etc.The associations of some ICG parameters of all patients with BNP,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values were analyzed.The value of BNP,LVEF value and the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) were determined between the two groups,on the 7th day after surgery.Results BNP value was negatively correlated with cardiac output (CO),cardiac output index (CI),stroke volume (SV),stroke output index (SI),left ventricular stroke work (LSW),left ventricular stroke work index (LSWI),left ventricular ejection time (LVET),ejection period contraction index (EPCI) (P＜0.05) and positively correlated with stroke system vascular resistance (SSVR)/index (SSVRI),system volume resistance (SVR),pre-ejection period (PEP),shrink time ratio (STR) (P＜0.05).Moreover,LVEF value was positively correlated with CO,CI,SV,SI,heart rate rhythm,LSW,LSWI,LVET,EPCI (P＜0.05),and negatively correlated with SSVR,SSVRI,SVR,vascular elasticity,PEP,STR (P＜0.05).On the 7th postoperative day,the BNP levels were decreased in the both two groups,and the BNP values were decreased more significantly in the ICG group compared to the control group(P＜0.05).Moreover,the 6MWD in the ICG group were significantly increased compared to the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusions Some ICG parameters can reflect the early cardiac function of patients with AMI and heart failure after PCI treatment.By using ICG technology,the patient's hemodynamics and cardiac function can be more accurately judged,and the drugs for heart failure can be further adjusted to promote the patient's early recovery and improve the quality of life.

摘要： Atrial fibrillation (AF),the most commonly encountered arrhythmia in clinical practice,is associated with a 2-fold increase in total cardiovascular mortality[1],as well as the potential for substantial morbidity,including stroke,congestive heart failure,and cardiomyopathy.Its incidence and prevalence are increasing,and it represents a growing clinical and economic burden.Owing to relative inefficacy and side effects of current pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy for AF,it remains a great challenge to improve primary and secondary AF prevention strategies to reduce this potentially enormous health burden.

摘要：Background The suitable time for treating patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is unclear.This study was to investigate the effects of reperfusion therapy at different late times on patients with acute STEMI,in order to decide the best time for late reperfusion therapy by providing evidence-based treatment in clinical practice.Methods We enrolled 1372 patients with STEMI and receiving selective percutaneous coronary intervention therapy between January 1st,2010 to December 30th,2014.According to the time receiving PCI,these patients were divided into 3 groups:＜3 d(n=66) 、3-6 d(n=388) and ≥7 d (n=918).The demographic,clinical and coronary angiography data,and in-hospital major adverse clinical events (MACEs) were compared.Results The mortality rates among 3 groups were not statistically different (0 vs.2.6％ vs.2.0％,P=0.375).The incidence rate of in-hospital MACEs in 3-6 d group was lower than the other two groups,but not statistic difference (25.8％ vs.16.8％ vs.21.6％,P=0.077).By comparing the cost of hospitalization,we found that the 3-6 d group was slight lower.For patients with non-occlusive culprit vessels,although the mortality rate still had no statistic difference,the incidence rates of in-hospital MACEs were different (33.3％ vs.11.7％ vs.15.9％,P=0.003).However,the same conclusion was not driven in patients with occlusive target vessels.Conclusions For patients with STEMI receiving late reperfusion therapy,intervention during 3-6 d might have a trend to improve prognosis.

摘要：The thesis is to study the influence of anxiety/depression on health related quality of life(HRQoL)of patients with various pacing modes a month after they have had a pacemaker implanted.Methods HRQoL was assessed consecutively in patients(50 men,48 women,mean age 52.7±14.1 years)with implanted pacemaker(PM)from June to December 2009 in our hospital(22 patients received VVI pacemaker,26 received VVIR pacemaker,26 received DDD pacemaker,24 received DDDR pacemaker).HRQoL was measured by the SF-36 and Aquarel questionnaires,anxiety by Zung anxiety scale(SAS)and depression by Zung depression scale(SDS).Results Patients with rate-adaptive pacing had higher scores in SF-36 scales(health perception,vitality,social functioning and mental health)and Aquarel(chest pain,dyspnea and arrhytmia);they also presented lower degree of anxiety and depression compared with those with non-rate-adaptive pacing.Differences were shown only in the group with dual chamber pacemakers,but not in the group with single chamber pacemakers.Significant differences were observed between patients with single chamber and dual chamber PM in rate-adaptive pacing.There was a strong correlation between the degree of anxiety and depression and the HRQoL for pacemaker patients.Conclusion Dual chamber rate-adaptive pacing offers better HRQoL and psychological profile than dual chamber non-rate-adaptive pacing.Significant improvement in five SF-36 subscales was observed with DDDR pacing compared with VVIR pacing.Anxiety and depression are important factors in the HRQoL of patients with implanted pacemakers.Early detection and intervention in patients with psychological problems are imperative.

摘要：Background Studies showed that arterial elasticity changes appear earlier than any structural changes,therefore, its accurate evaluation could be applied at early stage to prevent disease. Echo-tracking(E-tracking)technique can track the wall motion trajectory in real-time, calculate the change in vascular diameter automatically, and assessment of vascular stiffness and flexibility directly. This article aims to assess the change of elasticity of carotid artery after hormone therapy(HT)using Echo-tracking technology.Methods Echotracking was used to evaluate the carotid elastic moduli,such as the pressure-strain elastic modulus(Ep),stiffness parameter(β),arterial compliance(AC),pulse wave conducting velocity(PWVβ)and augmentation index(AI)by Aloka a10 color Doppler ultrasound diagnosis system.Results Eρ,β and PWVβ in HT group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.01),while AC was obviously higher than the control group(P<0.01)．E2 was negatively related to β,Eρ and PWVβ(r=-0.607,r=-0.573,r=-0.574,P<0．001),while positively related to AC(r＝0.574,P<0.001);endothelial-dependent dilatation(EDD)was negatively related to β,Eρ and PWVβ(r=-0.521,r=-0.411,r=-0.456,P<0.001),while positivelyrelated to AC(r=0.443,P<0.001);But IMT was positively related to β,Eρ and PWVβ(r=0．553,r=0.444,r=0.529,P<0.001),while negatively related to AC(r=-0.400,P<0.001).Conclusions Arterial stiffness increases and compliance decreases in menopausal women．As EDD decreases arterial elasticity recedes,and HT can improve arterial elasticity.E-tracking technology can discover the early changes in arterial stiffness effectively and it is more sensitive in finding out the changes of stiffness in early atherosclerosis than IMT of carotid artery.

摘要：Objectives To assess the left ventricle regional systolic and diastolic function, left ventricle geometry and left venti-tie sphericity indexes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) by quantitative tissue velocity imaging (QTVI). Methods Thirty normal subjects and 52 DCM patients underwent QTVI and colour Doppler flow imaging study in or-der to measure the left ventricular regional function along left ventricle apical long-axis view and the left ventricle geom-etry. Peak tissue velocities of left venticle regional muscular tissue during systole (Vs), systolic acceleration (a), ear-ly diastole(Ve) and left atrium contraction(Va) along left venticle apical long axis view were measured. The indexes of left ventdcular regional systolic and diastolic function were mearsured at the same time. The left ventricle geometry shape was reflected from the systolic and diastolic sphericity index (Sis and Sid), the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and D wave/A wave (PVd/Pva) of pulmonary veins flowing spectrum reflected the global left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. The Vs, Ve, Va, a, PVd/Pva ratio, LVEF, Sis, Sid and their correlations between normal subjects and patients with DCM were compared and analyzed. Results Vs, Ve, Va, a, PVd/Pva, Sis and Sid in patients with DCM were lower than those in normal persons. There were significant relations between Sis and a (r=0.6142, P<0.05), Ve/Va and Sid (r=0.6271, P<0.05). Conclusions QTVI offer a newer method which has a higher sensitivity and accuracy in evaluating the left venticle regional systolic and diastolic function in DCM patients. There was significant relation between regional cardiac function and left venticle sphericity.

摘要：Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the major risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD),and the control status of blood sugar has direct effect on the prognosis of CAD.HbAIc is the important parameter reflecting control status of blood sugar,however,it is unclear about the value of in-hospital HbAlc in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 236 in-hospital diabetic patients with ACS.Patients were stratified into two groups according to HbAIc level when admission (Well controlled group (HbAlc≤7.0％) and High HbAlc group (HbAlc ＞ 7.0％); major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) group and Non-MACE group).In-hospital MACE and mortality were set as the observation target.Results 282 patients (112 in Well controlled group and 170 in High HbAIc group) were enrolled,of which 146 (51.77％),63 (23.34％),and 73 (25.89％) patients respectively had unstable angina (UA),non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI),and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Inhospital all-cause mortality and in-hospital MACE were both similar in Well controlled group and High HbAle group (6.25％ vs.7.06％ and 15.18％ vs.16.47％,P ＞ 0.05).In MACEs,cardiac death (4.46％ vs.5.29％),recurrent myocardial infarction (2.68％ vs.2.94％),hemorrhage events (5.35％ vs.5.29％),malignant arrhythmia (6.25％ vs.5.29％),cardiac shock (4.46％ vs.4.12％),acute heart failure (8.93％ vs.10.0％),revascularization (4.46％ vs.5.29％) were also all similar in both two groups.In addition,there were no significant difference in HbAlc level between MACE group and Non-MACE group.Single-factor logistic regression analysis showed that HbAlc was not a risk factor for in-hospital MACE (P ＞ 0.05)1.Conclusion The present study suggests that admission HbAlc is not the risk factor of in-hospital MACE in ACS patients with diabetes.[S Chin J Cardiol2012; 13(2):105-110]

摘要：Background Thyroid hormones (THs) including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) with high biological activities have important effects on cardiovascular system by acting on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS),oxidative stress,mitochondria,endothelial cells,vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC),cardiomyocytes,thyroid hormone receptor (TRs),cholesterol metabolism,insulin sensitivity,blood coagulation,etc.Excess or lack of THs is detrimental to cardiovascular function,so this article reviews the mechanism of THs on cardiovascular system.

摘要：Elevated serum Hs-CRP level may be an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy individuals.Many elderly patients have metabolic syndrome.Therefore,we observed the clinical features of serum Hs-CRP level in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome to further understand the relationship between the two.Methods A total of 210 patients were divided into two groups:metabolic syndrome(MS,n=1112) group and non-metabolic syndrome (Non-MS,n=98) group.The serum Hs-CRP level was tested by immunoturbidimetry and the clinical features of Hs-CRP were analyzed.The associations of Hs-CRP with BMI,WHR,FBG,TG,TC,LDL-C,HDL-C,SBP,DBP and Homa-IR were determined.Results Serum HsCRP level was significantly higher in the MS group than in the non-MS group (P＜0.05).Besides,with the increase in the number of included factors,the level of Hs-CRP gradually increased significantly (P＜0.05).Moreover,serum Hs-CRP was positively correlated with age,BMI,WHR,SBP,DBP,FPG,FIN,TG,TC,Homa-IR (r=0.38,0.49,0.33,0.36,0.31,0.34,0.43,0.37,0.18,0.34,respectively,P＜0.05) and negatively correlated with HDL-C(r=-0.37,P＜0.001).Conclusion Serum Hs-CRP level is associated with many factors.It is a proactively marker for cardiovascular disease risk assessment of elderly MS patients.

摘要：Background Mounting evidence has suggested that high level of Lipoprotein (a) (Lp [a]) is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).However,the impact of Lp (a) on long-term adverse outcomes of CHD undergone coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been fully examined.Methods We enrolled 1684 patients with CHD between October 2009 and December 2013.The patients were divided into two group according to their median plasma Lp (a) levels:Lp (a)＜16.03 mg/dL (n=842 patients),and Lp (a) ≥ 16.03 mg/dL (n=842 patients).Kaplan-Meier curve was carried out examining the survival time between the two groups.The associations of Lp(a) levels and long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were investigated by cox regression analysis.Results Patients with the high Lp(a) did not have an increased risk of in-hospital MACEs (3.0％ vs.1.7％,P=0.075),but had a higher long-term MACEs than those in the low Lp (a) group (6.3％ vs.3.1％,P=0.005).With the median follow-up period of 1.94 years,multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that a higher Lp (a) level was an independent predictor of longterm MACEs (hazard ratio 1.82,95％ confidence interval 1.04 to 3.18,P=0.036).Conclusion An elevated level of Lp (a) is significantly associated with long-term adverse outcomes in patients with CHD following CAG or PCI.

摘要：Backgound Essential hypertension (EH) is a polygenic inheritable disease,generally known as a combined result of genetic and environmental elements.It is possible that IR、Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ ) and NO play important roles in the pathogenesis of EH. Methods Sixty normal subjects with a family history of EH, aged 30 to 40 years old, were recruited and randomized into two groups: 30 with one parent and 30 with both parents with EH, and 30 subjects without family history of EH as controls. The plasma level of NO was determined by electrophotometer while the plasma level of fast insulin (FINS) and Ang Ⅱ were determined by radioimmunoassay,and insulin resistance index (IRI) was calculated.Results ① The plasma levels of FINS,Ang Ⅱ,NO increased significantly in study groups compared with those in the control group(P ＜ 0.01),while there were no differences in the levels of AngⅡ,NO between the two study groups (P ＞ 0.05).② The plasma level of AngⅡ were positively correlated with that of NO (r =0.378, P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusions The higher levels of IR and plasma AngⅡ and NO exist before the development of EH in normal offspring with a family history of EH, and maybe they are initial agents in the pathogenesis of EH. It indicates that the people with IR and high levels of plasma Ang Ⅱ and NO with a family history of EH are at higher risk to develop EH.

摘要：Background Less studies were done to compare the lipid ratios including ApoB100/ApoA1,LDL-C/HDL-C,TC/HDL-Cin elderly.So the study was to investigate the relationship between Apolipoprotein B100/ApoAl ratio and coronary artery disease (CAD) in elderly.Methods 498 participants aged over 65 years with chest pain had been subsumed from Sep.2009 to April 2011 of Guangdong General Hospital.Clinic informations of gender,age,history of hypertension,diabetes mellims,smoking was collected.Simultaneously,serum lipids should be phlebotomized in 24 hours after be inpatient.ApoB 100/ApoAl ratio,LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.TC/HDL-C ratio,non-HDL-C were calculated using the above data.Accroding to the mean of ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio,ApoB100,non-HDL-C,all individuals were divided into two groups:high level group and low level group,while all individuals were divided into two groups whether the level of LDL-C was achieve 2.06 mmol/L.We classified the participants into CAD group and non-CAD group on the basis of CAG.The incidence of CAD was compared between the two groups of four different lipid indicators.The ability of estimating CAD was described by Reciever Operating Characteristic curve(ROC curve).Result There were significantly statistical differences in the incidence of CAD between the high level group and low level group of ApoB100/ApoAl ratio (75.0％ vs.55.9％, χ2 =19.681,P ＜ 0.001).By logistic regression analysis,odds ratio of ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio was 2.142,95％ CI (1.437,3.195)(P ＜ 0.001).The AUC (area under curve) of ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio were 0.66.There were significant for diagnosis of CAD (P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion The ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio was an independent risk factor of CAD in elderly population,and it is better than traditional lipid indicators,and can be used for the ability of estimating CAD.[S Chin J Cardiol 2012; 13(2):74-79]

摘要：Background Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common complication and a very important cause of postoperative death in children with congenital heart disease. Large cohort investigation of the morbidity and related risk factors for ARF in very young and low-body-weight children in China is still absent. Methods Data of 518 infants after cardiac surgery were analyzed retrospectively. The correlation between multivariate risk factors and ARF after cardiac surgery was analyzed by logistic regression. Results The incidence of postoperative ARF within 30 days was 6.9% (n = 36).High RACHS-1 Score, long duration of CPB, rethoracotomy exploration and postoperative low cardiac output were independent risk factors of ARF. There were statistical significances in intensive care unit staying [(21.73 ± 7.28)days vs (7.41 ± 3.76) days], P < 0.001] and mortality (27.8% vs 7.5%, P < 0.001) between the patients with or without ARF. Conclusions Acute renal failure is a key negative factor for the survivors after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease in very young patients with low body weight. High RACHS-1 Score, long duration of CPB,rethoracotomy exploration and postoperative low cardiac output are independent risk factors for development of ARF.

摘要：Background Aldosterone blockers could reduce the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in myocardial infarction (MI) patients by regulating hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN) expression.But the mechanism underling HCN expression is unclear.Methods Eighteen rats surviving 24 hours postMI were randomly divided into 3 groups:MI,spironolactone,and spironolactone + antagomir-133 (miRNA-133 suppression).Sham group rats had a suture loosely tied around the left coronary artery,without ligation.HCN2 and HCN4 protein and mRNA level,and miRNA-133 level in the border zone of post-MI 1 week myocardium were measured.Results Spironolactone significantly increased miRNA-133 levels and down-regulated HCN2 and HCN4 at both mRNA and protein levels in post-MI border zone myocardium.Antagomir-133 reduced the effects of spironolactone on HCN2 and HCN4 protein levels.Conclusions The results suggest that miRNA-133 is involved in spironolactone induced HCN expression,and partially contributed to post-MI ventricular arrhythmias.

摘要：Background Postpartum hemorrhage,a severe complication during delivery,is one of the leading causes of maternal death.Dopamine and norepinephrine are widely used as first-line therapy.This study aimed at comparing their effects on hemodynamics.Methods A perspective,randomized,parallel-group study was performed.The patients were randomly divided into a dopamine group (maximum dose ≤ 20 μg·kg-1· min-1) and a norepinephrine group (maximum dose ≤ 0.2 μg· kg-1· min-1).Both treatments increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) to more than 70 mmHg.PiCCO was used for monitoring hemodynamic parameters,lactic acid and urine output.Results A total of 73 patients were enrolled in this study.Thirty seven patients were assigned to the dopamine group,36 patients to the norepinephrine group.Average MAP was increased from 55.2±5.22 mmHg to 71.4±4.67 in dopamine group,and from 54.8±5.87 mmHg to 72.2±4.67 in norepinephrine group.MAP showed a significant increase before and after treatment in both groups (P＜0.001),but no significant difference was found between the two groups (P=0.425).After 6 hours of treatment,the average heart rate (101±9.81) and cardiac output index (CI,2.40±0.40 L· min-1· m-2) in the norepinephrine group were lower than those of the dopamine group (120±16.7 and 3.01±0.38 L· min-1·m-2,P＜0.001) The global ejection fraction (GEF,43.9±3.32％) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI,3763±229.9 dynes· s· m-2· cm-5) of the norepinephrine were higher than those in the dopamine group (37.4±4.77％,2613±235.6 dynes· s· m2· cm-5,P＜0.001).There was a significant difference in urine output between the norepinephrine group (117±17.4 mL/h) and dopamine group (70.7±11.8 mL/h).Conclusions In patients with postpartum hemorrhage,norepinephrine improves the MAP mainly by increasing the myocardial contraction force and the renal perfusion.Therefore,it is recommended as the first choice for the treatment of these patients.

摘要：Objectives To analyze the risk factors for recurrent hemorrhage after craniotomy for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage (HCH). Methods Clinical data from 162 HCH patients who underwent surgery were retrospectively analyzed for the correlation between recurrent hemorrhage and gender, age, duration of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, site and volume of hemorrhage and post-surgical systolic and diastolic pressure. Results Post-surgical recurrent hemorrhage was found in 24 patients. With multi-variate regression analysis, history of diabetes, long-term hypertension and higher post-surgical systolic pressure were proved positively correlated to the incidence of recurrent hemorrhage after craniotomy for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage (P <0.05). Conclusions Risk factors for recurrent hemorrhage after craniotomy for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage are history of diabetes, long-term hypertension and higher post-surgical systolic pressure. Patients with diabetes and hypertension are at higher risk for cerebral hemorrhage or post-surgical recurrent hemorrhage. Effective control on blood pressure after surgery can reduce the incidence of recurrent hemorrhage after surgery for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.