摘要：Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment strategies for AIDS patients with amebic liver abscess(ALA). Methods Clinical data,laboratory results,abdominal computed tomography scans,treatment regimens,and fol-low-up outcomes of four AIDS patients with ALA admitted to Beijing Youan Hospital from January 2019 to July 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Results All 4 patients were male,with a mean age of 39.3±9.0 years.Common symptoms included fever,weight loss,diarrhea,and right upper quadrant pain.Laboratory findings showed an elevated white blood cell count(15.6±6.3×109/L)and increased C-reactive protein levels(188.0±62.6 mg/L),with 75%of patients ex-hibiting liver dysfunction.Two patients were diagnosed via metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)of abscess fluid,while the other two were confirmed by colonoscopic pathology.All patients received metronidazole;two improved with medication alone,and two required additional percutaneous catheter drainage. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of AIDS patients with ALA are nonspecific.Dark red or chocolate-col-ored abscess fluid is a strong diagnostic indicator,and mNGS aids in confirmation.Abdominal CT combined with colonoscopy is valuable for patients with concurrent intestinal amebiasis or ameboma.Acute invasive ALA re-quires combined pharmacotherapy and percutaneous catheter drainage.

摘要：Medical progress is based on research.Life sciences and medical research contribute to the improvement of peo-ple's health,alleviation of suffering,and increases in well-being.Life sciences and medical research involving hu-man participants cannot be undertaken without the support and dedication of participants.The safety,health,and welfare of participants are primary considerations in clinical research,taking precedence over the benefits to sci-ence and society.The rights and interests of participants include the right to health,the right to informed consent,the right to compensation,the right to privacy protection,the right to voluntary participation,the right to withdraw at any time,the study/trial free right,and the right to timely treatment.Protecting the rights of participants is the responsibility of sponsors,contract research organizations,medical institutions,researchers,ethics review com-mittees,and other research parties. In life sciences and medical research involving humans,participants typically expend time and energy,and partic-ipating in clinical research involves a degree of inconvenience in participants'work and life.When participating in studies in which safety and effectiveness have not been fully and effectively verified,participants are often ex-posed to uncertain types and levels of risk.Participants in such studies bear known and unknown risks,and may suffer research-related damages.Guaranteeing,protecting,and implementing participants'right to compensation are essential responsibilities in life sciences and medical research involving human participants. The current paper examines the right of compensation for research participants.We undertook in-depth analysis of the concepts,categories(conventional compensation,research-related damages),principles(necessity,timeliness,appropriateness,fairness),and elements(method,amount,plan,consent,notification,reference)of compensation,as well as compensation under special circumstances(people who have not given informed consent,participants with impaired informed consent capacity,participants who withdraw from a study).Additionally,we examined processes for research-related damages(claims,opinions,negotiation,implementation).This paper proposes mea-sures for the compensation rights of participants,which cover five domains(sponsor/contract research organiza-tions,research institutions,research management departments,the principal researchers and their teams,and ethics review committees),to ensure the implementation of compensation and strengthen the protection of the compen-sation rights of participants.

摘要：The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the American scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun,for their pioneering research into mi-croRNA.

摘要：Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)is an infectious disease caused by the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),a bunyavirus which was initially discovered in central China and has since rapidly spread to many regions in Asia.SFTS is characterized by pyrexia,leukopenia,thrombocytopenia,and multi-organ dysfunction that may lead to death.Furthermore,some patients may experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea,nausea,and vomiting.This systematic review provides medical professionals with a comprehensive summary of SFTS pathogenesis,epidemiology,clinical manifestations,diagnosis,treatment,and preventive measures.

摘要：We here reported the case of a 3-year-old girl who presented with brucellosis manifesting as cutaneous and pulmo-nary granulomas,which are rare complications of Brucella infection.The diagnosis was based on epidemiological and clinical factors,a skin biopsy,and serological tests.Her symptoms improved with antibiotic treatment.She has been followed up for over a year with no evidence of recurrence.Hereby,we reviewed the clinical manifesta-tions,pathological changes,and treatment methods of brucellosis.

摘要：Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a high global incidence rate,and its incidence is increasing annually.China is one of the countries with a high burden of tuberculosis,and pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB)poses a signif-icant public health concern.Numerous epidemiological studies have confirmed a close association between dia-betes and the incidence of tuberculosis,with diabetic patients having a 4 to 8 times higher risk of developing PTB compared to non-diabetic individuals.The increased incidence of PTB in diabetics may be attributed to impaired immune function caused by hyperglycemia,which provides a favorable environment for the growth of mycobac-teria.When these two diseases coexist,the clinical symptoms are severe,and the treatment outcomes are often suboptimal,posing a"dual challenge"for public health prevention and control.Therefore,this article reviews the pathogenesis,clinical characteristics,and clinical treatment strategies for the comorbidity of PTB and diabetes,providing a scientific basis for the clinical diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of this condition.

摘要：The spread of AIDS and increasing use of immunosuppressive therapy have led to a yearly increase in the inci-dence of immunodeficiency-associated pneumonia(IAP).The pathogenic spectrum,clinical features,and prog-nosis of IAP differ significantly from those of pneumonia in populations without immunodeficiency.Traditional classifications and guidelines for pneumonia,such as community-acquired,hospital-acquired,and ventilator-as-sociated pneumonia,offer limited guidance for the clinical management of IAP,especially in newly diagnosed individuals who are unaware of their immunodeficient status.On the basis of these considerations,this article pro-vides a detailed overview of the general concepts and types of immunodeficiency,pathogen spectrum of IAP,and clinical characteristics and treatment principles of common IAPs,providing a reference for clinical practice.

摘要：Objective Circular RNAs(circRNAs)have important roles in the development of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC);however,they have not been thoroughly researched. Methods In this study,we collected blood samples from patients with HCC and cirrhosis for microarray analysis of serum circRNA expression profiles.The expression levels of four circRNAs were further verified in patients with HBV-related HCC and HBV-related cirrhosis using qRT-PCR.TargetScan,miRanda,and circBank were used to predict the interactions between a selected circRNA,circRNA_00000367,and both miRNAs and mRNAs.An interaction network was generated using Cytoscape to elucidate the correlations among the target microRNAs and mRNAs.Gene Ontology(GO)analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways were utilized to interpret the biological functions and signaling pathways of the target genes. Results A cluster analysis revealed 8 up-regulated and 80 down-regulated circRNAs in HCC group compared with the cirrhosis group.Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses showed that circRNA_0000367 expression was sig-nificantly lower in patients with HBV-related HCC than in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis.Furthermore,the expression levels of circRNA_0000367 were significantly lower in patients with drug-resistant HBV and HBV-re-lated cirrhosis who progressed to HCC.A circRNA_00000367/miRNA/mRNA network analysis showed that the target genes were involved in various biological processes and signaling pathways. Conclusions CircRNA_0000367 down-regulation in HBV-related cirrhosis may be associated with progression to HCC,providing a potential HBV-related HCC biomarker.

摘要：The development of most hepatocellular carcinomas(HCCs)follows a complex multistep process,progressing from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis,regenerative nodule,low-grade dysplastic nodule,high-grade dysplastic nod-ule,small hepatocellular carcinoma,and progressed HCC.Throughout the process,different lesions have different pathological characteristics that are reflected in their unique imaging characteristics.Different imaging methods have their own advantages and disadvantages in the diagnosis and grading of HCC.Contrast-enhanced ultrasonog-raphy and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are the most accurate for diagnosing precancerous lesions and small hepatocellular carcinoma.This article reviews the classification and pathological characteristics of liver nodules during the evolution of HCC,and the imaging diagnosis and grading of HCC.

摘要：Patients with alcoholic liver disease who resume alcohol consumption after liver transplantation are at risk of graft dysfunction,which poses a serious threat to their survival.This review summarizes the definitions and classifica-tions of alcohol relapse,risk factors for alcohol relapse after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease,and models that predict alcohol relapse.The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for identifying high-risk patients and optimizing nursing management strategies for this patient population.

摘要：Borna disease virus(BDV)is a nonsegmented,single-stranded,negative-sense RNA virus with strict neu-rotropism,capable of infecting a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans.BDV establishes per-sistent,nonlytic infections in the central nervous system,leading to neurological and behavioral disorders,including cognitive deficits and psychiatric conditions.Recent studies have shown that BDV interacts with host autophagy,an essential cellular degradation process,to facilitate its replication and persistence.BDV infection upregulates autophagy-related proteins,such as LC3,and activates HMGB1-mediated autophagy,whereas viral proteins suppress the innate immune responses,including interferon signaling and apoptosis pathways.These mechanisms allow BDV to evade immune clearance and sustain chronic infection.There-fore,autophagy is a double-edged sword,acting as both a host defense mechanism and a process exploited by BDV for its survival.Understanding the interplay between BDV and autophagy will provide insights into its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.Advances in BDV vaccine development,including recom-binant protein and virus-like particle vaccines,are also promising,but challenges such as immune evasion and subtype diversity remain.Further research is required to address these challenges and develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.

摘要：What is monkeypox? Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by infec-tion with the monkeypox virus(MPXV),which is classified into two branches:branch I and branch Ⅱ.The sources of infection include patients with monkeypox,and monkeypox-infected rodents,mon-keys,and other primates.Historically,monkeypox outbreaks have been prevalent in Africa,but since 2022,the disease has spread to most countries and regions around the world.Common clinical symp-toms include fever,rashes,and swollen lymph nodes.

摘要：Liver failure is a critical and life-threatening condition in hepatology,challenging management,limited therapeu-tic options,and generally poor prognosis.For the treatment of liver failure,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(MSCs-EVs)offer promising prospects.This article provides an overview and immunological characteristics of MSCs and MSCs-EVs,explains the immunological imbalance in liver failure,details the immunological mechanisms of MSCs and MSCs-EVs in treating liver failure,and dis-cusses their potential application and key issues.It aims to provide valuable insight for basic research and clinical application of MSCs/MSCs-EVs in liver failure.

摘要：The purpose of vaccination is to generate Neutralizing antibodies(NAbs),as these antibodies have neutralizing activ-ity against viral infections such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2.NAb has high antiviral potency and therefore be served as therapeutics.However,induction of NAb is not easy,and RNA viruses such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2 always escape NAb binding epitopes due to the rapid mutation of their genomes.Thus,despite Fab and neutralizing,other compo-nent and its function against viral infection is important in the biology of antibodies,such as the Fc part in antibodies.Fc-mediated function showed protective potency in viral infection.Fc-mediated ADCC contributes to protect against HIV in phase II/III clinical trial,but remains controversy.Marginal evidences show protectivity of non-NAb and Fc-mediated ADCC in HIV infection and AIDS progress.In SARS-CoV-2 infection,Fc-mediated ADCC showed po-tent antiviral activity as well.While,the participation of non-NAb is elusive in the control of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 dual infection.Limited data reported that Fc-mediated functions is regulated following HIV infection as people living with HIV after vaccination of pulmonary pathogens display increased ADCC activity to homologues pathogens.In order to reveal Fc-mediated function,there is a need to actively develop a robust and accurate in vitro assay to mea-sure it.This is an emerging attract that have drawn much attention.

摘要：The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas(OPSCC)is rising rapidly in recent years,while the pathologic mechanisms mediating tumorigenesis are heterogeneous and complex.Indeed,the proportion of OPSCCs mediated by human papillomavirus(HPV)is also increasing,which is named as HPV+OPSCC.In addition,HPV+OPSCCs have distinct biological characteristics,while their intratumoral cell heterogeneity and extratumoral immune microenvironment have guiding significance for clinical treatment decision making and prognosis prediction.In this review,we briefly summarize the overview of HPV and OPSCCs,and discuss the research progress of HPV+OPSCCs in detail.

摘要：Objective To analyze the factors influencing the rifampicin blood concentration in patients with tuberculosis and provide a scientific basis for clinical physicians to formulate anti-tuberculosis treatment plans. Methods In total,183 inpatients with pulmonary tuberculosis treated at Nanning Fourth People's Hospital from July 2021 to April 2023 were divided into 4 groups:the standard treatment group(n=92),tuberculosis with HIV co-infection group(n=26),hemodialysis group(n=63),and co-infection with hemodialysis group(n=2).The plasma drug concentrations and influencing factors in each group were analyzed at 2,4,and 6 hours after adminis-tration of rifampicin.According to the peak rifampicin plasma concentration(8-24 µg/mL)at 6 hours,the patients were also divided into a low-concentration group(<8 µg/mL)and normal-concentration group(≥8 µg/mL).Bina-ry logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing the rifampicin plasma concentration. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the rifampicin plasma concentration among the groups at 6 hours(P<0.05),but not at 2 and 4 hours(P>0.05).Univariate analysis showed that the urea nitrogen level,creatinine level,dose administered,and hemodialysis affected the rifampicin plasma concentration(P<0.05).Bi-nary logistic regression analysis showed that the administered dose was positively correlated with the rifampicin plasma concentration(odds ratio,4.591;95%confidence interval,1.494-14.103).However,multivariate analysis showed that age,urea nitrogen level,creatinine level,HIV infection,and hemodialysis did not have a significant effect on the rifampicin plasma concentration(P>0.05). Conclusion The influencing factors,including hemodialysis,discussed in this article have little effect on the ri-fampicin plasma concentration in patients with tuberculosis.Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis can take rifampicin before the procedure without the need to increase the dosage.

摘要：Introduction Flat warts(FW),mostly induced by human papilloma-virus(HPV)-3,10,28 or 41,are common in children and young adults over the face and dorsum of the hands.

摘要：Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic in 2019,Beijing,as a major international port,has faced a sharp increase in the risk of importing the epidemic from overseas.To manage epidemic prevention and con-trol for individuals arriving from abroad,Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital was urgently put into operation.Its main re-sponsibilities included screening overseas individuals returning to Beijing with fever or respiratory symptoms,treat-ing mild and moderate cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia,and transferring severe cases to more specialized and advanced tertiary hospitals.This article discusses the establishment,setup,personnel,operation,effectiveness,and value of Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital,aiming to summarize the experience in constructing an epidemic prevention and control system and operating designated hospitals during public health emergencies.

摘要：Since an outbreak of extensively drug-resistant typhoid(XDR)-Salmonella typhi H58 was reported in southern Pakistan in 2016,imported cases have occurred in many countries,including China.At present,S.typhi H58 is the main strain of typhoid fever globally.In the age of antibiotics,typhoid fever complicated with splenic ab-scess is rare.We present a case of a 22-year-old male patient with typhoid fever complicated by intestinal hem-orrhage and splenic abscess,aiming to increase the understanding of the complications of XDR-S.typhi H58.