摘要：Viral vectors are instrumental in gene therapy and vaccination,addressing a spectrum of diseases from genetic dis-orders to cancer.Despite their promise,their clinical utility is hampered by the propensity to provoke host immune reactions,necessitating strategies to evade or suppress these responses.This review underscores the imperative for antigen-specific,sustainable solutions that enable vector re-administration,a current unmet need in medicine.We discuss the immunogenic profiles of retroviral,adenoviral,and AAV vectors,highlighting their integration risks,packaging limitations,and immunogenicity,respectively.The human Ad5 vector,while efficient in cell infection,faces significant challenges due to innate immune activation and pre-existing immunity,which can exacerbate tox-icity and diminish therapeutic outcomes.The review emphasizes the complex interplay between viral vectors and the immune system,where the host's defense mechanisms can impede therapeutic efficacy.We detail the initiation of innate responses via type Ⅰ IFNs,triggered by pDCs and TLRs,and the pivotal role of NKT cells in linking in-nate and adaptive immunity.This understanding is crucial for devising strategies to mitigate immune responses to viral vectors,a key to advancing gene therapy.

摘要：Human papillomavirus(HPV)infection can lead to the development of anal intraepithelial neoplasia(AIN)and anal cancer.The incidence of anal cancer is increasing each year,with the risk varying widely among different populations.The currently identified significant risk factors for anal cancer include men who have sex with men,human immunodeficiency virus carriers,a history of genital warts and non-anal genital HPV infection,immu-nosuppression,and smoking.Studies have shown that screening and treatment of AIN in these populations can help prevent anal cancer.Anal cancer screening refers to the three-step model of cervical cancer screening,which includes the use of cytology,anal HPV testing,identification of high-grade lesions by high-resolution anoscopy in patients with positive screening results,and the removal of lesions by ablation,surgical excision,or other ther-apies.The biology of AIN remains poorly understood and prospective data are limited.The current recommenda-tions for AIN screening and treatment are based on expert opinion and require the support of additional medical evidence from future studies.

摘要："Cough!Cough!Cough...doctor,I have been cough-ing for a long time.I have taken anti-inflammatory drugs and cough suppressants,but my cough has not stopped."

摘要：INFECTION CONTROL is an international,open-access,peer-reviewed medical journal,just launched in 2023.It is officially affiliated to Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA),under the supervision of National Healthy Commission.

摘要：Tuberculosis(TB)remains the leading infectious disease globally,with 1.25 million deaths and 10.8 million new cases in 2023,including 400,000 rifampin-resistant/multidrug-resistant TB(RR/MDR-TB)cases.RR/MDR-TB accounts for 15–20%of TB-related deaths and poses significant economic and treatment challenges due to low cure rates(68%)and high costs.The heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections com-plicates therapy,requiring prolonged regimens and multidrug combinations.Advances in treatment include re-purposed antibiotics(e.g.,linezolid),re-engineered oxazolidinones(e.g.,sutezolid),and improved bedaquiline analogues addressing resistance and toxicity.Future strategies emphasize shorter,accessible regimens,reliable drug susceptibility testing(DST),and effective management of treatment failures.Targeted next-generation se-quencing(tNGS)has improved resistance detection but remains limited for some second-line drugs.Phenotypic DST is still indispensable.Clinicians must address emerging drug resistance and develop salvage regimens while reducing disease transmission through public health measures.These approaches are critical to improving RR/MDR-TB outcomes globally.

摘要：Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignant tumor in the world in terms of morbidity and mortality,with a high prevalence of gastric cancer in Asia,especially in China,Japan,and South Korea.Gastric cancer is strong-ly associated with Epstein–Barr virus,and gastric cancer cases positive for Epstein–Barr virus are referred to as Epstein–Barr virus-associated gastric cancer(EBVaGC).EBVaGC has unique clinicopathological features and molecular characteristics,and the study of EBVaGC provides new perspectives for the early diagnosis and person-alized treatment of gastric cancer.Here,we present a review of the research progress in the epidemiology,patho-genesis,clinicopathologic features and prognosis,molecular features,diagnosis,and treatment of EBVaGC.

摘要：Tuberculosis(TB),caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB),continues to pose a significant global health challenge,particularly in developing regions.This review highlights the ability of MTB to evade host immunity and establish latent infections,which is intricately linked to its regulatory mechanisms,including small non-cod-ing RNAs(sRNAs).These sRNAs play crucial roles in modulating bacterial stress responses,metabolism,and virulence,thereby enhancing the survival of MTB in hostile environments.Recent advances in sRNA detection techniques,such as northern blotting and RT-PCR,have identified key sRNAs,including ASpks and ASdes,which appear to regulate lipid metabolism and immune evasion.Clinical studies have also suggested that sRNAs may serve as diagnostic biomarkers,potentially addressing the limitations of traditional TB diagnostic methods.De-spite these advancements,this review underscores the need for further research to fully elucidate the regulatory potential of sRNAs in TB pathogenesis and to explore their applications in diagnostics and therapy.

摘要：Objectives Dominant strains of SARS-CoV-2 have been replaced by SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 lineage variants,which have spread widely in a short period of time.However,an accurate detection method and the reason for rapid spread have not been clarified. Methods Ion Torrent,Illumina,and Nanopore platforms were used to sequence the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 from samples collected from positive cases in the Dalian Center for Disease Control from December 2023 to January 2024. Results The Ion Torrent and Illumina platforms failed to detect some of the variation sites,whereas the optimized Ion Torrent and Nanopore platforms detected all the sites.The Ion Torrent platform had higher sensitivity than the other two platforms and was more suitable for short-read length sequencing;however,the amplicon primers had to be optimized.The Illumina platform was also suitable for short-read length but prone to miss some variation sites.The Nanopore platform was more suitable for long-read length sequencing and had high compatibility for more variation sites.By comparing JN.1 lineage variants with BA.2.86,multiple specific variation sites were detected for the first time in the non-S protein region. Conclusions Timely optimized primers and supplement variation sites provide a more effective means for moni-toring and controlling the prevalence of JN.1 lineage variants in advance.The discovery of specific variation sites may indicate the reasons for immune escape and rapid transmission.

摘要：Ever since the existence of mankind,infectious diseases have been a great menace to people's lives and well-being.In human history,a variety of infectious diseases,including the Black Death(the pestis of the 14th century),the Spanish Flu(the 1918 pandemic)and smallpox,caused great calamity on people and left a huge impact on economy,society and culture.

摘要：From paramecium to human beings,billions of organisms spend their lives on the earth.No matter being friends or foes,they rely on each other to live but also compete each other to survive.During their lifes-pan,the intrinsic system,namely immunity,has been educated to become stronger for better adaptation.The same applies for human beings.

摘要：Tuberculosis(TB)is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.TB prevention and treatment have been challenged by the large number of latent tuberculosis infections,multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis,the lack of effective vaccines for adults,and the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years.To prevent and treat TB,timely and accurate diagnosis of TB is crucial.This article reviews the progress of TB diagnosis from the perspective of bacteriological,molecular biological,biochemical,immunological detection,multiomics screening of biomarkers,and other technologies.

摘要：The novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is constantly mutating,with Omicron and its branches being the main circulating strains in the ongoing global pandemic.Azvu-dine,a small-molecule drug independently developed in China to treat HIV,is the first nucleoside-based,dual-tar-geted antiviral agent.Clinical studies have shown that azvudine has relatively good safety and efficacy profiles.This article provides an overview of the background,mechanism of action,efficacy,safety,and drug interactions of azvudine for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

摘要：Helicobacter pylori(Hp)is a common gram-negative bacteria in clinical practice.Its transmission from oral cavity to stomach can lead to oral and stomach related diseases.Studies have found that Helicobacter pylori is closely related to periodontal disease,oral mucosal disease,chronic gastritis,peptic ulcer,gastric cancer and other diseases.Because of the close relationship between oral and stomach Helicobacter pylori,the combined treatment of oral and stomach diseases in traditional Chinese medicine may improve the therapeutic effect of Helicobacter pylori.

摘要：Background We explored the influence of diabetes on the antibody levels of elderly individuals after inocula-tion with an inactivated vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and the factors that influenced IgG antibody levels 30 d after the second vaccine dose. Methods A total of 55 elderly people in Beijing You'an Hospital from September to December 2021 were select-ed and divided into diabetes(n=13)and non-diabetes(n=42)groups according to prevalence.IgG and IgM an-tibodies were detected with the colloidal gold method,and neutralizing antibodies were detected with a pseudo-virus neutralization test.The IgG antibody levels at 30 and 180 d after two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the geometric mean titers(GMTs)at 7 and 14 d after booster vaccination were compared between the groups.We analyzed factors influencing IgG antibody levels at 30 days after inoculation by multiple linear regression. Results Of the participants,21 were male and 34 were female,with ages ranging from 60 to 76 years(average:65.3±3.8 years).The IgG antibody levels and antibody positivity rates at 30 and 180 d after inoculation were significantly lower in the diabetes group than in the non-diabetes group(1.28[0.21,3.94]versus 4.47[2.48,5.99]and 53.85%versus 80.95%,respectively;P<0.05).There were no significant differences in IgM and IgG anti-body levels or positivity rates between the two groups 180 d after vaccination,or in neutralizing antibody GMT between the two groups at 7 and 14 d(P>0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that diabetes was an influencing factor for IgG antibody level(P<0.05),and IgG antibody level decreased with diabetes. Conclusions Diabetes can reduce short-term antibody levels induced by inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine,but it does not affect long-term antibody levels.

摘要：INFECTION CONTROL is an international,open-access,peer-reviewed medical journal,just launched in 2023.It is officially affiliated to Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA),under the supervision of National Healthy Commission.

摘要：To explore the diagnosis and treatment of clinical fever,the diagnosis and treatment of one patient with fever was retrospectively analyzed.A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome through complete examinations and hospital-wide consultation.His condition improved with symptomatic treatment of the cause.In conclusion,fever is very common in clinical practice,and its etiology is complex.Early identification of the cause of fever can benefit patients.

摘要：Hiccups are usually self-limited,cease within minutes,and do not require treatment.They are generally harmless.The usual cause is spasm in the diaphragm.Hiccups lasting more than 48 hours are categorized as"persistent",whereas those lasting more than two months are referred to as"intractable".Persistent or intractable hiccups may be accompanied by various serious medical conditions.In this article,we report intractable hiccups that were the only clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis.

摘要：Recently,international media reported the emergence of a new "superbug" on the International Space Sta-tion that has mutated under the closed,extreme con-ditions of the station. Thus,the following questions arise:How did bacterial and other microbial commu-nities appear on the space station?Why can they not be completely eradicated?What are the current meth-ods to prevent pathogen contamination for ensuring the health and safety of astronauts?They are no an-swers yet.

摘要：The advancement of medicine is inseparable from clinical research,and the successful conduct of such research relies heavily on the support and dedication of research participants.

摘要：Objective Oral diseases exhibit a multifactorial etiology.Plant-derived antimicrobial agents have gained recog-nition in daily personal care because of their eco-friendly,natural,and biodegradable properties.This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of Nanyang kiwifruit extract toothpaste against common oral pathogens,in comparison with four commercially available toothpastes,to identify effective strategies for controlling pathogen-ic microorganisms and preventing oral diseases. Methods Five toothpaste formulations(grape probiotic,white,grape-flavored,peach-flavored,and kiwifruit ex-tract)were prepared as gradient dilutions via two-fold serial dilution.Each dilution series was mixed 1:1 with stan-dardized suspensions of Candida albicans,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,or Proteus vulgaris(0.5×106 CFU/ml),followed by overnight incubation at 37℃.Minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were determined spectrophotometrically at OD600.Minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBCs)were subsequently assessed by plate spreading of 100 μl aliquots of the overnight cultures onto LB agar,with bactericidal activity confirmed as a≥99.9%CFU reduction. Results The kiwifruit extract toothpaste demonstrated comprehensive antibacterial activity against all four tested pathogens,exhibiting broader-spectrum inhibitory effects compared with commercial toothpastes. Conclusion The Nanyang kiwifruit extract toothpaste demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal pathogens,exhibiting superior efficacy and broader coverage compared with single-tar-get commercial toothpastes.Its multi-pathogen inhibitory capacity addresses a critical limitation of conventional antibacterial toothpastes that primarily target specific microbial subsets,thereby providing greater microbial con-trol for oral ecological balance.