摘要：A major worldwide health concern,chronic hepatitis B necessitates precise prognostic and diagnostic indicators for clinical guidance.This article highlights the clinical importance and current issues of the major markers used in both the detection and prognosis of chronic hepatitis B.An important indicator of an ongoing and persistent infection is the hepatitis B surface antigen.Hepatitis B virus DNA quantification monitoring aids in assessing viral load and hepatic cancer risk.While limited evidence of liver damage is provided by alanine aminotransferase levels,the hepatitis B core antibody verifies acute infection.Serocon-version to the hepatitis B e antibody is linked to a lower risk of disease development,and the hepatitis B e antigen status is a critical prognostic factor.Treatment choices are guided by a biopsy of the liver or minimally invasive liver fibrosis detection.Genotypes of the hepatitis B virus and host vari-ables influence the prognosis by adding to the disease's variability.Noninvasive techniques to evaluate the severity of the disease are provided by serum markers of fibrosis,such as the fibrosis score based on four criteria and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index.The requirement for indicators that distinguish between distinct viral phases and increase specificity in evaluating liver damage is one of the challenges facing chronic hepatitis B research.Even though it is quite difficult to find reliable biomarkers for resistance especially when it comes to hepatocellular cancer risk estimation,there are advanced methods,which include imaging and omics that can help in improving the accuracy of the diagnostics and prognosis.Interventions early point that improve patient outcomes are made possible using diagnostics and prognostics as they are quite effective in managing the complicated landscape of chronic hepatitis B.Key in addressing these challenges today and improving the diagnostic and prognostic markers in the future,particularly those that would support the devel-opment of successful treatment plans for people living with chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV),are scientific research,technological advances and collaborations.

摘要：In the past several years,nanopore sequencing technology from Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT)and single-molecule real-time(SMRT)sequencing tech-nology from Pacific BioSciences(PacBio)have become available to researchers and are currently being tested for cancer research.These methods offer many advantages over most widely used high-throughput short-read sequencing approaches and allow the comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes by identifying full-length splice isoforms and several other posttranscriptional events.In addition,these platforms enable structural variation characterization at a previously unparalleled resolution and direct detection of epigenetic marks in native DNA and RNA.Here,we present a comprehensive summary of important applications of these technologies in cancer research,including the identification of com-plex structure variants,alternatively spliced isoforms,fusion transcript events,and exogenous RNA.Further-more,we discuss the impact of the newly developed nanopore direct RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)approach in advancing epitranscriptome research in cancer.Although the unique challenges still present for these new single-molecule long-read methods,they will unravel many as-pects of cancer genome complexity in unprecedented ways and present an encouraging outlook for continued application in an increasing number of different cancer research settings.

摘要：Metabolic disorders are public health prob-lems that require prevention and new efficient drugs for treatment.Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes(CREG)is ubiquitously expressed in mature tissues and cells in mammals and plays a critical role in keeping cells or tissues in a mature,homeostatic state.Recently,CREG turns to be an important mediator in the development of metabolic disorders.Here in this review,we briefly discuss the structure and molecular regulation of CREG along with the therapeutic strategy to combat the meta-bolic disorders.

摘要：The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in early 2020 has rattled the world with resounding economic,social and political implications[1-4].On a somewhat positive side of the story,the pandemic has put health and medicine under the limelight and brought the world to look at it from a higher and broader perspective.

摘要：Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mobility and morality worldwide,in which the ischemic heart disease is the most common type of the diseases.During last decade,a major progress in the study of the pathogenesis of heart disease has been achieved.For example,the discovery of adult stem/progenitor cells in the heart and vessel tissues may play a role in tissue regeneration.However,the issue of 31 retractions for car-diac stem cell work has caused a"storm of trust"in the heart stem cell field,in which both founders and scientists have become cautious and conservative in stem cell research of the heart.Despite that the existence of adult cardiac stem cells has been denied,recent studies confirmed that there are many other resident stem/pro-genitor cells in adult heart.Although these cells cannot differentiate into cardiomyocytes,the role they played in heart repair after injury should not be ignored.The purpose of this short article is to briefly review the current research progress in resident stem/progenitor cells in the heart,to discuss how they function during cardiac repair and to point out unanswered questions in the research field.

摘要：The sympathetic nervous system is activated in the setting of heart failure(HF)to compensate for hemody-namic instability.However,acute sympathetic surge or sustained high neuronal firing rates activates β-adrenergic receptor(βAR)signaling contributing to myocardial remod-eling,dysfunction and electrical instability.Thus,sympatho-βAR activation is regarded as a hallmark of HF and forms pathophysiological basis for β-blocking therapy.Building upon earlier research findings,studies conducted in the recent decades have significantly advanced our under-standing on the sympatho-adrenergic mechanism in HF,which forms the focus of this article.This review notes recent research progress regarding the roles of cardiac β2AR or α1AR in the failing heart,significance of β1AR-autoantibodies,and βAR signaling through G-protein independent signaling pathways.Sympatho-βAR regulation of immune cells or fi-broblasts is specifically discussed.On the neuronal aspects,knowledge is assembled on the remodeling of sympathetic nerves of the failing heart,regulation by presynaptic α2AR of NE release,and findings on device-based neuromodulation of the sympathetic nervous system.The review ends with highlighting areas where significant knowledge gaps exist but hold promise for new breakthroughs.

摘要：Caveolae,the specialized cell-surface plasma membrane invaginations which are abundant in endothe-lial cells,play critical roles in regulating various cellular processes,including cholesterol homeostasis,nitric oxide production,and signal transduction.Endothelial caveolae serve as a membrane platform for compartmentalization,modulation,and integration of signal events associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase,ATP synthase β,and integrins,which are involved in the regulation of endo-thelial dysfunction and related cardiovascular diseases,such as atherosclerosis and hypertension.Furthermore,these dynamic microdomains on cell membrane are modulated by various extracellular stimuli,including cholesterol and flow shear stress.In this brief review,we summarize the critical roles of caveolae in the orchestra-tion of endothelial function based on recent findings as well as our work over the past two decades.

摘要：Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and devel-oping countries,in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis.Over the past 40 years,small rodent animals,such as mice,have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation.However,based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research,the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differ-ences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field,indicating that other species with biolog-ical similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future.With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology,Syrian golden hamster,a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans,has been genetically modified,suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD.The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified ham-ster models with dyslipidemia to date,and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.

摘要：Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),as an effec-tive alternative medicine,utilizes tongue diagnosis as a major method to assess the patient's health status by examining the tongue's color,shape,and texture.Tongue images can also give the pre-disease indications without any significant dis-ease symptoms,which provides a basis for preventive med-icine and lifestyle adjustment.However,traditional tongue diagnosis has limitations,as the process may be subjective and inconsistent.Hence,computer-aided tongue diagnoses have a great potential to provide more consistent and objective health assessments.This paper reviewed the cur-rent trends in TCM tongue diagnosis,including tongue image acquisition hardware,tongue segmentation,feature extrac-tion,color correction,tongue classification,and tongue diagnosis system.We also present a case of TCM constitution classification based on tongue images.

摘要：How cells sense and respond to environmental changes is still a key question.It has been identified that cellular metabolism is an important modifier of various epigenetic modifications,such as DNA methylation,histone methylation and acetylation and RNA N6-methyladenosine(m6A)methylation.This closely links the environmental nutrient availability to the maintenance of chromatin struc-ture and gene expression,and is crucial to regulate cellular homeostasis,cell growth and differentiation.Cancer meta-bolic reprogramming and epigenetic alterations are widely observed,and facilitate cancer development and progres-sion.In cancer cells,oncogenic signaling-driven metabolic reprogramming modifies the epigenetic landscape via changes in the key metabolite levels.In this review,we briefly summarized the current evidence that the abundance of key metabolites,such as S-adenosyl methionine(SAM),acetyl-CoA,α-ketoglutarate(α-KG),2-hydroxyglutarate(2-HG),uri-dine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine(UDP-GlcNAc)and lactate,affected by metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in dynamically regulating epigenetic modifi-cations in cancer.An improved understanding of the roles of metabolic reprogramming in epigenetic regulation can contribute to uncover the underlying mechanisms of meta-bolic reprogramming in cancer development and identify the potential targets for cancer therapies.

摘要：Tumor-associated myeloid cells constitute a series of plastic and heterogeneous cell populations within the tumor microenvironment(TME),and exhibit different phenotypes and functions in response to various microenvironmental signals.In light of prom-ising preclinical data indicating that myeloid-based therapy can effectively suppress tumor growth,a series of novel immune-based therapies and approaches are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.A better un-derstanding of the diversity and functional roles of different myeloid cell subtypes and of how they are associated with TME remodeling may help to improve cancer therapy.Herein,we focus on myeloid cells and discuss how tumor cells can simultaneously reprogram these cells through tumor-derived factors and metabo-lites.In addition,we discuss the interactions between myeloid cells and other cells in the TME that have the potential to directly or indirectly regulate tumor initia-tion,invasion,or angiogenesis.We further discuss the current and future potential applications of myeloid cells in the development of focused therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.

摘要：Nowadays, according to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer still ranks as the top leading cause of death disease worldwide [1]. In case of the rapid growing of the cancer incidence and mortality, the global cancer burden is expected to increase about 50％in the next twenty years [1].

摘要：Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)with meta-bolic syndrome is increasing to be a main cause of hepato-cellular carcinoma(HCC).However,the mechanism of tumorigenesis in NASH induced HCC is still not clear.In this perspective,we will discuss the recent progress that has been made to understand the genetic change and the im-mune microenvironment of HCC,and the remaining ques-tions.Based on the current study,NASH-HCC is likely to have novel mechanism,which needs more investigation in future.

摘要：Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide,despite the wide diversity of molecular targets identified and the development of therapeutic methods.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of small(about 22 nucleotides)non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in the cytoplasm and play complicated roles in different CVDs.While miRNA over-expression in one type of cell protects against heart disease,it promotes cardiac dysfunction in another type of cardiac cell.Moreover,recent studies have shown that,apart from cytosolic miRNAs,subcellular miRNAs such as mitochondria-and nucleus-localized miRNAs are dysregulated in CVDs.However,the functional properties of cellular-and subcellular-localized miRNAs have not been well characterized.In this review article,by carefully revisiting animal-based miRNA studies in CVDs,we will address the regulation and functional properties of miRNAs in various CVDs.Specifically,the cell-cell crosstalk and subcellular perspective of miRNAs are highlighted.We will provide the background for attractive molecular targets that might be useful in preventing the progression of CVDs and heart failure(HF)as well as insights for future studies.

摘要：The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavi-rus 2(SARS-CoV-2)had highly transmissible and patho-genic,which caused serious economic loss and hazard to public health.Different countries have developed strategies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic that fit their epidemi-ological situations,capacities,and values.Mass screening combined with control measures rapidly reduced the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically highlighted the essential role of diagnostics capacity in the control of communicable dis-eases.Mass screening has been increasingly used to detect suspected COVID-19 cases and their close contacts,asymp-tomatic case,patients attending fever clinics,high-risk populations,employees,even all population to identify infectious individuals.Mass screening is a key component to fight against SARS-CoV-2 and return to normalcy.Here we describe the history of mass screening,define the scope of mass screening,describe its application scenarios,and discuss the impact and challenges of using this approach to control COVID-19.We conclude that through a comprehen-sion screening program and strong testing capabilities,mass screening could help us return to normalcy more quickly.

摘要：Pregnant women are often complicated with diseases that require treatment with medication.Most drugs administered to pregnant women are off-label without the necessary dose,efficacy,and safety informa-tion.Knowledge concerning drug transfer across the placental barrier is essential for understanding fetal drug exposure and hence drug safety and efficacy to the fetus.Transporters expressed in the placenta,including adeno-sine triphosphate(ATP)-binding cassette efflux trans-porters and solute carrier uptake transporters,play important roles in determining drug transfer across the placental barrier,leading to fetal exposure to the drugs.In this review,we provide an update on placental drug transport,including in vitro cell/tissue,ex vivo human placenta perfusion,and in vivo animal studies that can be used to determine the expression and function of drug transporters in the placenta as well as placental drug transfer and fetal drug exposure.We also describe how the knowledge of placental drug transfer through passive diffu-sion or active transport can be combined with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to predict systemic fetal drug exposure.Finally,we highlight knowl-edge gaps in studying placental drug transport and predict-ing fetal drug exposure and discuss future research directions to fill these gaps.

摘要：Xenobiotic receptors are traditionally defined as xenobiotic chemical-sensing receptors,the activation of which transcriptionally regulates the expression of enzymes and transporters involved in the metabolism and disposition of xenobiotics.Emerging evidence suggests that"xenobiotic receptors"also have diverse endobiotic functions,including their effects on lipid metabolism and energy metabolism.Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease,diabetes,obesity,metabolic syndrome,stroke,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).Understanding the molecular mechanism by which transcriptional factors,including the xenobiotic receptors,regulate lipid homeostasis will help to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches.This review describes recent advances in our understanding the atypical roles of three xenobiotic receptors:aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR),pregnane X receptor(PXR),and constitutive androstane receptor(CAR),in metabolic disorders,with a particular focus on their effects on lipid and glucose metabolism.Collectively,the literatures suggest the potential values of AhR,PXR and CAR as therapeutic targets for the treatment of NAFLD,NASH,obesity and diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases.

摘要：Reproductive health is an important factor in coordinated development of the population, economy, and society and has attracted increasing global attention. Reproductive health is also among the core contents of China's popula-tion health strategy, and improving maternal and child health is a central component of realizing the Healthy China 2030 agenda [1]. Currently, the population of people in China who are fertile and of childbearing age is decreasing, and the incidence of birth defects is high. Therefore, determining the molecular basis of fertility establishment and maintenance as well as the physiolog-ical and pathological regulation mechanisms of fertility are theoretical cornerstones for further understanding life. This information can also be used to diagnose and treat various reproductive-related diseases, effectively improve infertility, and improve the health of children.

摘要：Dietary interventions include the change of dietary styles,such as fasting and dietary or nutrient restrictions;or the addition of plant-derived compounds(such as poly-phenols known as curcumin,resveratrol,or anthocyanin,or other nutraceuticals)into the diet.During the past a few decades,large number of studies have demonstrated thera-peutic activities of these dietary interventions on metabolic and other diseases in human subjects or various animal models.Mechanisms underlying those versatile therapeutic activities,however,remain largely unclear.Interestingly,recent studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21),a liver-derived hormone or hepatokine,mediates metabolic beneficial effects of certain dietary polyphenols as well as protein restriction.Here I have briefly summarized functions of FGF21,highlighted related dietary interventions,and presented literature discussions on role of FGF21 in mediating function of dietary polyphenol intervention and protein restriction.This is followed by presenting my perspective view,with the involvement of gut microbiota.It is anticipated that further breakthroughs in this field in the near future will facilitate conceptual merge of classical medicine and modern medicine.

摘要：Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABAergic)neuron,as one of important cell types in synaptic transmission,has been widely involved in central nervous system(CNS)regulation of organismal physiologies including cognition,emotion,arousal and reward.However,upon their distri-bution in various brain regions,effects of GABAergic neurons in the brain are very diverse.In current report,we will present an overview of the role of GABAergic mediated inhibitory neurocircuitry in the hypothalamus,underlying mechanism of feeding and sleep homeostasis as well as the characteristics of latest transcriptome profile in order to call attention to the GABAergic system as potentially a promising pharmaceutical intervention or a deep brain stimulation target in eating and sleep disorders.